Synthesis and characterization of niobium-doped fish scale-derived hydroxyapatite by physical ultrasound interference

Fish scales of the Arapaima gigas (pirarucu) species were heat-treated to obtain natural hydroxyapatite (HAp), and it was doped with niobium (Nb) by physical ultrasound interference confirm an effective route production Nb-doped HAp powders. The effect application on doping investigated. structure powders elucidated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). XRD results compared undoped ICSD-26204 standard as controls. crystallinity increased from 39% 51% after application. confirmed hydroxyl, carbonate, phosphate functional groups in sample. Results obtained XRF ionic substitution Ca for Nb average content 1%. Therefore, effectiveness synthesis produce hydroxyapatite-niobium crystalline powder physicochemical integrity a potential biomaterial bone implant